E-muki ke

29/01/2024

19/12/2023

Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA)
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The runway may be extended by an area called the stopway. The stopway is
an area beyond the runway, which should have the following characteristics. It must be :
• At least as wide as the runway, and centered upon the extended centerline
of the runway.
• Able to support the airplane during an abortive takeoff, without causing
structural damage to the airplane.
• Designated by the airport authorities for use in decelerating the airplane
during an abortive takeoff.

(a) Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA): The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the stopway, if such stopway is declared available by the appropriate Authority and is capable of bearing the mass of the aeroplane under the prevailing operating conditions.”

(b) The accelerate-stop distance must not exceed the accelerate-stop distance available.”
ASD ≤ ASDA

18/12/2023

. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
DME is a system that is used in aviation for navigation purposes.
The DME system consists of an interrogator on board an aircraft and a DME station on the ground.
The interrogator in the aircraft transmits interrogating pulses to the DME station on the ground. The received pulses trigger the DME station to reply. The reply is received by the aircrafts interrogating DME. The time difference between transmission and reception is used to calculate the distance from the aircraft to the DME station. Because the interrogation is repeated, the information can also be used to calculate the ground speed.
DME operates in the 960 - 1215 MHz band. The interrogator transmits on a center frequency of 1025 up to 1150 MHz. In this band are 126 frequencies with 1 MHz spacing defined. The DME station replies on a frequency that is either 63 MHz lower or 63 MHz higher.
The interrogator uses unique pairs of pulses. The same paring is used for the reply. This is to differentiate the answers from other answers send by the DME station. Modern DME stations can serve up to 200 aircrafts at the same time.

01/12/2023

😍😍😍

Acting now is critical for 1.5 °C success.

Aviation currently accounts for 3% of total CO2 global emissions. Still, the industry's impact on the climate is substantially higher, considering total emissions and indirect warming effects. What does this exactly mean for us at Volocopter?

We are focusing on electrification and pushing both technological and regulatory boundaries to adopt electric propulsion. Although we are only at the start line, we know that our approach to urban air mobility can significantly reduce emissions in the future.

Can't wait to know more? Hit the link and get the inside knowledge now: https://bit.ly/40OZ9pK

08/11/2023

Runway Holding Bay (Apron)

In pilot training and aviation terminology, a "Runway Holding Bay," also known as an "Apron," "Holding Apron," or "Runway Holding Position," is an area on or near a runway where aircraft hold before entering the active runway for takeoff or after vacating the runway after landing. This area is designed to keep aircraft clear of the active runway, ensuring safety and maintaining the flow of air traffic.

Pilots use the runway holding bay to receive clearance from air traffic control (ATC) before entering the runway. ATC provides specific instructions and clearance to the aircraft for departure or landing on the runway. Once clearance is received, the aircraft taxis onto the runway from the holding bay to initiate takeoff or continues its taxi to the terminal after landing.

The runway holding bay is an essential part of airport operations, helping to maintain safe separation between aircraft and preventing runway incursions or conflicts, which are critical for aviation safety. It also allows for efficient runway utilization by ensuring that aircraft are in the right position and sequence for takeoff or landing.

18/10/2023

The future is all about technology. How?
Reducing human workload especially in Aviation in future.

I am basing this to electrifying our aircrafts. This is a dream and a project that will help reduce carbon emissions, cost of living because it will be cheap and in general environmental friendly means of transport.

This may sound strange or funny but just think of travelling to towns through a cheaper means and less noisy aircraft. Example from Embu to Nairobi takes 2 to 3hrs to get but just imagine 30 minutes flight with an electric aircraft you are in Nairobi.

Yes! in the next 7 to 10 years I will be launching my my eight seater electric aircraft with (e-muki ke ) my company name. This aircrafts will be having two propellers driven by electric motors. They will have auto recharge batteries. This means that it will be always having power as long as the engine is running.

we will be using the most recent modern avionics systems and structures for the purpose of ease travelling and safety of our passengers.

For safety purposes our engineers will make sure it's safe as per Aviation rules and regulations and requirements. I will be unveiling it very soon as we purpose to gear up the project.

Regards
KIVENIA FRANCIS MUCHIRI
C.E.O

27/09/2023

🛬 Aerodrome Operating Minima (AOM)🛫

Aerodrome operating minima (AOM) are criteria used by pilots to determine whether they may land or take off from any runway. AOM consist of two parts: one relating to the cloud base and one relating to the visibility and/or RVR (RVR).
The international standards for AOM are defined in ICAO Doc 8168 - Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS-OPS) and are employed in most countries throughout the world; however, within North America and at certain other locations, United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS) are employed. Although these procedures are similar in many ways, there are important differences. Failure to appreciate these differences appears to have been a factor in a number of fatal accidents. Pilots must determine the standards applied at airports where they intend to operate and make due allowance for any differences.
Where relevant, ICAO definitions etc. are employed in the remainder of this article. The main differences between ICAO-PANS OPS and US TERPS related to circling approaches are described in the article Circling Approach - difference between ICAO PANS-OPS and US TERPS.
AOM are defined as: (ICAO Annex 6 Part 1)
"The limits of usability of an aerodrome for:

a) take-off, expressed in terms of RVR and/or visibility and, if necessary, cloud conditions;

b) landing in Precision Approach and landing
operations, expressed in terms of visibility and/or RVR and Decision Altitude/Height (DA/DH) (DA/H) as appropriate to the category of the operation;

c) landing in approach and landing operations with vertical guidance, expressed in terms of visibility and/or RVR and DA/H; and

d) landing in Non-Precision Approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility and/or RVR, Minimum Descent Altitude/Height (MDA/MDH) (MDA/H) and, if necessary, cloud conditions."

26/09/2023

Aircraft Hydraulic Systems

Contents
1 Definition
2 Description
3 Hydraulic Fluid
4 Hydraulic Pumps
5 Hydraulic Motors and Cylinders
6 System "Plumbing" Components
7 Hydraulic System Redundancy
8 Threats
9 Effects
10 Defences
11 Typical Scenarios
12 Accidents & Incidents
13 Related Articles
Definition
A hydraulic system uses a fluid under pressure to drive machinery or move mechanical components.

Description
Virtually all aircraft make use of some hydraulically powered components. In light, general aviation aircraft, this use might be limited to providing pressure to activate the wheel brakes. In larger and more complex aeroplanes, the use of hydraulically powered components is much more common. Depending upon the aircraft concerned, a single hydraulic system, or two or more hydraulic systems working together, might be used to power any or all of the following components:

*wheel brakes
*nose wheel steering
*landing gear retraction/extension
*flaps and slats
*thrust reversers
*spoilers/speed brakes
*flight control surfaces
*cargo doors/loading ramps
*windshield wipers
*propeller pitch control

A hydraulic system consists of the hydraulic fluid plus three major mechanical components. Those components are the “pressure generator” or hydraulic pump, the hydraulically powered “motor” which powers the component concerned and the system “plumbing” which contains and channels the fluid throughout the aircraft as required.

Hydraulic Fluid
Fluid is the medium via which a hydraulic system transmits its energy and, theoretically, practically any fluid could be utilized. However, given the operating pressure (3000 to 5000 psi) that most aircraft hydraulic systems generate in combination with the environmental conditions and strict safety criteria under which the system must operate, the hydraulic fluid that is used should have the following properties:

07/09/2023

GM Electric car Diagram

23/08/2023

The Air Speed Indicator (ASI) is a crucial instrument in an aircraft's cockpit used to display the aircraft's indicated airspeed (IAS). Indicated airspeed is the speed of an aircraft relative to the air molecules it encounters during flight. It's a fundamental parameter for maintaining safe and efficient flight operations.

The Air Speed Indicator works based on the principle of the difference in pressure between the static pressure (ambient atmospheric pressure) and the pitot pressure (pressure caused by the aircraft's forward motion). The instrument measures this pressure differential and provides a reading in terms of airspeed on the cockpit display.

The ASI typically has three important speed indications:

Calibrated Airspeed (CAS): This is the indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and position errors. It's the airspeed value displayed on the ASI.

Equivalent Airspeed (EAS): This is the calibrated airspeed corrected for compressibility effects at high speeds. At higher speeds, the air density decreases due to compression, which affects the accuracy of the indicated airspeed. EAS corrects for these effects.

True Airspeed (TAS): This is the equivalent airspeed corrected for altitude and temperature. As an aircraft climbs to higher altitudes where air density is lower and temperatures are colder, the true airspeed becomes higher than indicated airspeed.

It's important for pilots to understand and interpret the airspeed indications correctly because various flight parameters, such as takeoff, landing, stall speed, and safe maneuvering, are based on airspeed values. The ASI is usually color-coded with various speed ranges to help pilots quickly identify whether they are operating in a safe or critical speed regime.

22/08/2023

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) is a radio navigation system used in aviation and maritime contexts to measure the distance between an aircraft or ship and a ground-based or ship-based transponder. DME is a crucial component of modern navigation systems and provides accurate distance information to pilots or navigators.

Here's how DME generally works:

Transponder: A ground-based or ship-based DME system consists of two main components: a transponder and an interrogator. The transponder is the equipment located on the aircraft or ship that responds to signals from the interrogator.

Interrogator: The interrogator is the ground-based or ship-based station that sends out radio frequency (RF) signals. These signals are typically in the UHF band. The interrogator sends a signal to the transponder on the aircraft or ship.

Signal Exchange: When the transponder on the aircraft or ship receives the interrogator's signal, it sends a reply signal back to the interrogator. This reply signal is timed, and the time it takes for the signal to travel from the interrogator to the transponder and back is used to calculate the distance between the two.

Distance Calculation: The time it takes for the signal to travel is converted into distance using the speed of light. Since radio signals travel at the speed of light, the time delay gives an accurate measure of the distance between the aircraft or ship and the DME station.

Display: The calculated distance is displayed to the pilot or navigator on the aircraft's navigation display. DME information is often presented in nautical miles (NM) and is used in conjunction with other navigation aids, such as VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range) or GPS (Global Positioning System), to determine the aircraft's position and aid in navigation.

19/08/2023

Electric motor vehicles operate by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy to power the vehicle. Here's a simplified explanation of how they work:

1. Power Source: Electric motor vehicles are powered by one or multiple rechargeable batteries, which store electrical energy. These batteries can be charged using an external power source, such as a dedicated charging station or a regular power outlet.

2. Electric Motor: The batteries supply electric current to an electric motor, which is the main power source of the vehicle. The electric motor uses the electrical energy to create rotational motion.

3. Power Transmission: The rotational motion generated by the electric motor is transmitted to the wheels through a transmission system. In most electric vehicles, this is achieved through a single-speed transmission or a simple reduction gear.

4. Acceleration and Braking: To control the vehicle's speed, the driver uses an accelerator pedal and a brake pedal. By pressing the accelerator pedal, the driver regulates the amount of electric current supplied to the motor, which determines the vehicle's acceleration. Conversely, pressing the brake pedal activates regenerative braking, where the motor acts as a generator, converting some of the vehicle's kinetic energy back into electrical energy to recharge the batteries.

5. Control Systems: Various control systems are incorporated into electric vehicles to manage power distribution, battery charging, and optimize efficiency. These control systems include motor controllers, battery management systems, and regenerative braking systems.

6. Range and Charging: The range of an electric motor vehicle depends on the battery capacity and energy efficiency. Higher-capacity batteries typically offer longer ranges. When the battery charge depletes, the vehicle needs to be recharged. This can be done at home using a charging station or at public charging stations while on the road.

Overall, electric motor vehicles offer a more environmentally friendly alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles, as they produce zero tailpipe emissions and reduce dependency on fossil fuels.