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Jewish Heritage in Germany, Peter-Rosegger-Straße 3, Neusäß (2025)

08/11/2024

Synagogue Ichenhausen
Starting from the 15th century or the mid-15th century until the early or mid-19th century, Jews were not allowed to life in cities such as Augsburg, Nuremberg, and others. During these centuries, rural Jewish life, known as „Landjudentum“, and Jewish rural communities, such as those in Kriegshaber near Augsburg or in Ichenhausen, developed.
The first synagogue in Ichenhausen was built in 1687. In 1781, a new building was constructed on the same site, which was renovated in 1896. The late Baroque structure features large round windows. In that same year, a school, a rabbi's residence, and a ritual immersion bath, the mikveh, were added in the basement.
On the Night of the Burning Synagogues (Night of the Broken Glass - Kristallnacht), November 9, 1938, the interior of the synagogue was destroyed. The building was subsequently used by the Wehrmacht as a storage facility.
Since 1953, the city of Ichenhausen owns the synagogue. From 1958 to 1985, it served as a fire station. The *Aktionskreis Synagoge Ichenhausen e.V.* advocated for the restoration and reconstruction of the synagogue, which was successfully completed by 1987. On December 4, 1987, it was reopened as a "House of Encounter." The upper floor now hosts a permanent exhibition on rural Jewish life.

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01/11/2024

Munich, 1972 Olympics, House of the Israeli Team
The 1972 Olympic Games in Munich were intended to be peaceful and open to the world. And they were – until September 5, 1972. At dawn on September 5, 1972, Palestinian terrorists from the "Black September" group infiltrated the Olympic Village and stormed the residence of the Israeli Olympic team. An attempted rescue at Fürstenfeldbruck Airport in the night of September 6, 1972, failed – eleven Israeli members of the Olympic delegation and one Bavarian police officer lost their lives. The Olympic Games were suspended for half a day, then resumed without the Israeli team, whose remaining members departed.

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25/10/2024

Berlin, Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
The memorial stands in the heart of Berlin, almost adjacent to the Brandenburg Gate. It consists of 2,711 concrete slabs (stelae). Beneath them is the "Place of Information," which holds the names of 4 million victims provided by Yad Vashem.
The site was once the location of the city villa of N**i Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels.
As you walk through the slabs, you might get the impression of being in a labyrinth, or feel as though you've suddenly been taken out of the familiar, visible world and thrust into a hostile, fear-inducing environment, surrounded by untrustworthy walls.
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04/10/2024

Kriegshaber, Jewish Cemetery
In 1440, Jews were forced to leave the imperial city of Augsburg. They were only allowed to resettle there in the mid-19th century. Some moved to the immediate surrounding areas, leading to the formation of so-called rural communities, including in Kriegshaber. The Jewish population in Kriegshaber grew rapidly, at times making up more than half of the residents. A cemetery became a necessity, and in 1626, one was built relatively far outside of Kriegshaber to ensure nothing else would be build on it and to provide enough space for burials.
In 1724, a purification house (Hebrew: Tahara - purification) was constructed, where the deceased were prepared for burial. Later, the house also served as a watchman's house. Until 1816, Jews from Munich buried their deceased here, and until 1868, those from Augsburg did as well, until a new cemetery was established in Augsburg-Hochfeld. Burials continued at the Kriegshaber cemetery until 1940. After the gravestones were desecrated starting in 1940, stonemasons from Augsburg created a memorial from the damaged stones in 1946, which now stands directly at the cemetery's entrance. The last burial took place in 1951/52. The cemetery is not open to the public; however, tours are held on select days throughout the year, such as during the Jewish Culture Days.

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28/09/2024

Ohel Jaacov Synagogue, Munich
The foundation stone for Munich's central synagogue was laid on November 9, 2008, exactly 70 years after the burning of synagogues during what is known as the Kristallnacht. The order for this pogrom was given on November 9, 1938, by N**i Propaganda Minister Goebbels on Hitler's command at the Old Town Hall in Munich and was carried out across all of Germany. The synagogue has the same name as the orthodox synagogue that went up in flames in that night.
The synagogue complex includes a community center, a museum, a bookstore, a café, and the kosher Einstein Restaurant.
The walls of the synagogue are reminiscent of the Western Wall of the Temple in Jerusalem—stable, solid, and built for eternity. The synagogue building itself appears to almost fly away in the slightest breeze, like a tent, as the word "Ohel" means "tent," making Ohel Ja’acov the "Tent of Jacob." The name and architecture are a reminder of the 40 years of wandering in the desert and the life in tents after the exodus from Egypt, as well as the uncertain and often short-lived existence of Jews in European cities. A defining element of the art and architecture of this synagogue is the countless Stars of David made from various materials.
The synagogue is open for visits on selected Sundays. Further information is available on the website of the Jewish Community of Munich and Upper Bavaria.
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14/09/2024

The Frauenkirche – Church of Our Lady in Nuremberg
The church was built during the Gothic period, specifically from 1352 to 1362.
Before that, a synagogue stood on the same site until 1349. Between 1320 and 1325, the city wall was expanded to encompass what are now the old town districts of Sebald and Lorenz. The city's economic significance grew, and there was a desire to have a central market square in the city center. This location was precisely where the synagogue and the Jewish quarter were situated. Nuremberg citizens, merchants, and councilors were indebted to the Jews. Against this backdrop, a pogrom occurred in 1349, during which at least 562 people were murdered, the Jewish population was expelled, and the synagogue and tez Jewish quarter were destroyed. In the chancel, a Star of David set into the floor serves as a reminder that the synagogue once stood here.
Above the main portal is the "Männleinlaufen" (a clockwork figure procession). Every day at 12 noon, the seven Electors parade three times and pay homage to the Emperor. This artistic clock has been in place since 1509. It commemorates the Golden Bull of 1356, which established the seven Electors as the official electors of the German King, who was elected in Frankfurt am Main, crowned in Aachen, and held the Imperial Diets in Nuremberg.

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09/08/2024

Karlsplatz/Stachus, on the edge of Munich's old town.

Lehmann Bernheimer had this commercial building constructed. In 1864, he founded a business for high-quality textiles in Munich's old town. Since 1882, Bernheimer had been a purveyor to the royal court. The opening was officiated by Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria in 1889. The European high nobility were among Bernheimer's customers.

Lehmann Bernheimer's son, Otto Bernheimer, has been running the business since 1918. He was also the honorary consul of Mexico. After November 9, 1938, he and other family members were arrested and interned in the Dachau concentration camp, forced to emigrate. In 1946, Otto Bernheimer returned from exile in Venezuela and regained the building, which had been Aryanized. In 1987, Konrad O. Bernheimer, the son of Otto and teh grandson of Lehmann, sold the building to be able to pay out his co-heirs. Today, it belongs to Deutsche Bank, contains an underground parking garage, and stores.

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02/08/2024

Nuremberg, Palace of Justice, Courtroom 600
From November 20, 1945, to October 1, 1946, the "Major War Criminals Trial" took place here, known as the "Nuremberg Trials." The Nuremberg Trials also include the Doctors', Jurists', Industrialists' - including Flick, IG Farben, and Krupp - SS and Police Leaders', Military, Civil Servants', and Diplomats' trials, which took place from 1946 to 1949. The latter were held before a U.S. military court, whereas the Major War Criminals Trial was held before an international tribunal.
Nuremberg was chosen as the location for these trials because the Palace of Justice was almost undamaged, located in the American zone, had a prison directly adjacent to the court, and the courtroom was large enough. The Americans used the courtroom until 1961, after which it was used again by the West German judiciary. In 2000 it was defunctioned and became a museum with an attached exhibition.

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19/07/2024

The Jewish Kriegshaber
Between 1440 and 1803, Jews were not allowed to live in the Imperial City of Augsburg. As a result, they settled in the surrounding areas. Since the 16th century, Jews lived in Kriegshaber. Around 1730, Jews made up the majority of the population in the area with nearly 400 residents.
At 222 Ulmer Street, there was a mikveh, but it is not possible to visit it today as the house is privately owned.
The Obermayer family came from Kriegshaber. They lived at 189 Ulmer Street. Jakob Obermayer was allowed to live in Augsburg in 1803. His son, Isidor Obermayer, was a co-founder of the Bavarian Mortgage and Exchange Bank and a major investor in the Augsburg-Munich railway line.
The elementary school founded in 1807 in Kriegshaber was housed in the customs’ house; in 1872, the school building was constructed at 184a Ulmer Street. Both Jewish and Christian children attended the school.
In the Michelwerke, at 160a Ulmer Street, there was a subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp from September 1944.
Hermann Einstein was born on August 1, 1880, in Kriegshaber. The livestock business "Gebrüder Einstein," a family enterprise, was one of the leading livestock trading companies in Swabia until the N**i takeover.

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05/07/2024

The N**i Party Rally Grounds, Nuremberg
From 1933 to 1938, the Reich Party Congresses of the NSDAP, the National Socialist German Workers' Party, were held on the Reich Party Rally Grounds around the Dutzendteich in the south of Nuremberg.
In the late Middle Ages, in the 15th and 16th centuries, numerous imperial diets were held in Nuremberg. Several emperors of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (10th century to 1806) chose Nuremberg as their seat during this period. Parts of the medieval old town are still very well preserved today.
The city was considered a "very German city" and the N**is propagated the city as "The city from the Reichstags to the Reich Party Congresses".
Until 1933, the area around the Dutzendteich was a local recreation area for the residents of Nuremberg. The N**i Party Rally Grounds include the unfinished Congress Hall, the Zeppelin Field with the stone grandstand, the large street, today's Max-Morlock Stadium, then the municipal stadium, the Luitpold Arena with Luitpoldhalle and unfinished buildings.
The N**is used the grounds and the party conferences to demonstrate and propagate their power and greatness.
You can visit the N**i Party Rally Grounds. The currently temporary exhibition in the Documentation Center is open daily from 10.00 am to 6.00 pm (please note public holidays). Adults pay €6.00 admission, children from 4 to 18 years €1.50.
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30/06/2024

Ohel Yaacov, the New Synagogue in Munich
In 1887, the main synagogue in Munich on Herzog Max Street was inaugurated. On June 9, 1938, it was demolished on Adolf Hitler's orders. The orthodox synagogue Ohel Yaacov – the Tent of Jacob – was set on fire during the "Night of the Burning Synagogues" on November 9, 1938, and burned down. The interior of the synagogue on Reichenbach Street was destroyed that same night.
From 1947 to 2007, the synagogue on Reichenbach Street served as the main synagogue and community center.
On November 9, 2003, the foundation stone for the new Ohel Yaacov Synagogue at Sankt Jakob's Square in Munich was laid in the presence of Federal President Johannes Rau. It was consecrated on November 9, 2006. The area also includes the community house, the primary school, a high school, the Jewish Museum, a kosher restaurant, and a café.
The synagogue space appears to be built very lightly like a tent, in contrast to the solid, strong surrounding walls, which are reminiscent of the Western Wall of the Temple – the Kotel – in Jerusalem. Behind the synagogue's windows are hundreds of interlocking Stars of David. There are 585 seats.
The 32-meter-long "Hall of Remembrance," which connects the community house and synagogue underground, commemorates by name 4,500 Munich Jews who were exterminated in the Holocaust during the Third Reich.
The Jewish Community of Munich and Upper Bavaria has about 9,500 members and is the second largest Jewish community in Germany. The state association of Jewish communities in North Rhine is the largest.

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24/06/2024

Ichenhausen – The Jewish Cemetery
This cemetery was established in 1567. It is estimated that up to 8,000 people were buried here over the centuries. Today, there are still about 1,000 gravestones remaining. Many were knocked over and destroyed during the Night of Broken Glass, burning syngogues in 1938. Eighteen Hungarian Jews from the Burgau sub-concentration-camp of the concentration camp Dachau were buried there. In 1934, the purification hall – the Tahara House (tahara (Hebrew) [ritual] purity) was built. Unfortunately, the cemetery is currently not accessible.

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Jewish Heritage in Germany

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