16/04/2025
The Tombs of the Nubian Nobles, Aswan
What looks like a huge sand dune covering a massive formation of Nubian Sandstone at Qubbet el-Hawa (Dome of the Wind), situated on the western bank of the Nile opposite Aswan, is home to one of the most densely occupied cemeteries of ancient Egypt, dating from c. 2500 BCE to Roman Times.
The tomb owners were high officials who were responsible for royal expeditions to the south, between the late Old Kingdom and the early Middle Kingdom. Their tombs are characterized by the autobiographical inscriptions which narrate the journeys to Africa. Some of the burials are very finely decorated and introduce fascinating details of the lives of these nomarchs (`great chiefs`).
The British archeologist Lord Greenville discovered the Tombs of the Nobles between 1885 and 1886 and was the first scientist to explore this important historical site.
Famous is the tomb of Harkhuf (QH34), a high official of the 6th Dynasty, who led trading and military expeditions into Nubia. His tomb contains lengthy descriptions of his pioneering expeditions.Three were made in the reign of Merenre, and one in the reign of his successor, Pepi II. His tomb was at first noticed by Ernesto Schiaparelli, famous Egyptologist and director of the Egyptian Museums in Florence and Turin, Italy, who also discovered the tomb of Nefertari and other important monuments. Schiaparelli published the inscriptions in the Memorie dell’Accademia dei Lincei in 1892.
Harkhuf called himself ‘caravan-leader’ and journeyed with pack-donkeys beyond the Second Cataract. His first journey took seven months. His second appears to have been even more adventurous and he was proud to record that he ‘never had any companion or caravan-leader ...’. Harkhuf had trouble on his third expedition. Some desert tribes were warring with one another, and Harkhuf became involved. Each time he brought back precious products, gold, ostrich feathers, animal skins, ivory, ebony, incense and gum. On his fourth expedition he brought a ‘dancing pygmy’ for his pharaoh, the young Pepi II, who came to the throne at the age of six.
There have been about 100 tombs discovered as of July 2022.