30/06/2025
For nearly a 1000 years the castle of Breisach was the key to France or the key to Germany, depending on the direction you were coming from. The first castle was built by the Romans on top of an enormous rock in the middle of the Rhine river. Over the century the fortifications were strengthened and modernised. In 1648 it became French but returned to the Holy Roman Empire in 1697. After the loss of Breisach, the genius French military engineer Vauban created one of his largest and most famous fortification the castle of Neuf-Breisach on the other side of the river.
However, the story I want to talk about happened much earlier.
In the summer of 939 AD king (later emperor) Otto I hit the absolute low-point of his reign whilst besieging the castle. He was caught in a fight to the death with his brother Henry who had managed to bring most of the senior dukes and the king of France over to his side. Soldiers were deserting the camp in the night, the archbishop of Mainz betrayed him, and his remaining officers tried to extort what was left of his possessions. He had a mental breakdown, talked about dying with honour and was so paralysed by uncertainty, he could not get himself to end the pointless siege.
Otto’s reign should have ended there and then. If it had, European history might have taken a different direction. Henry might not have been so keen on the Italian crown and the imperial crown thereby avoiding the fateful entanglement of German emperors in Italian affairs – or maybe not.
But, when all was lost the most unlikely of saviours appears, a man of short stature, fierce temper, extraordinary bravery and a profound dislike of women and apples. If you want to know how he did it, listen to the new Episode 3 A Series of Fortunate Events of my podcast “History of the Germans” available on all major platforms. Links and transcript available here: https://historyofthegermans.com/kurzbold-3-2/
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