24/10/2013
SARKHEJ ROZA, AHMEDABAD
Sarkhej Roza comprises one of the most elegant and unique architectural complexes of Ahmedabad. In its architecture, Sarkhej Roza is an example of the early Islamic architectural culture of the region, which fused Islamic stylistic influences from Persia with indigenous Hindu and Jain features to form a composite “Indo-Saracenic” architectural style. The architectural style of Sarkhej Roza is a precursor to the Mughal period in a true amalgamation of Hindu, Jain and Islamic styles. Hindu craftsmanship and construction know-how was overlaid on Islamic sense of geometry and scale. The Roza Complex at Sarkhej was built at the advent of Sultanate era.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
At the time when Ahmedabad city was built, which was during the reign of Ahmed Shah (1410-1443 A.D.), Sarkhej was a village with a population consisting of weavers and indigo-dyers who were predominantly Hindu. It became associated with the name of Shaikh Ahmed Khattu Ganj Baksh, a Sufi saint and a friend/advisor to Sultan Ahmed Shah, who in his later years retired to the quiet environment of Sarkhej, away from the city. The saint lived till he was 111 years of age and was greatly venerated during his lifetime. Myths about his miraculous powers are prevalent even today. Life and teachings of Shaikh Ganj Baksh Khattu Upon his death in 1445, the reigning monarch, Mohammed Shah ordered a mausoleum built in his honour, along with a mosque. The construction of these two monuments were completed in 1451 A.D., by his successor Qutb'ud-Din Ahmed Shah. In the latter half of the 15th century, Sultan Mahmud Begada completed the complex by excavating a central tank and adding a number of pavilions and a small private mosque. Sarkhej now, became a place of repose and meditation; a summer resort for the royal family. Also, he built a mausoleum for himself and his family opposite to that of the saint, where his son Muzzaffar II and his queen, Rajabai were buried.A garden were constructed to commemorate the event. The complex is therefore one of an important phase in the socio-political history of Gujarat. Further additions to the complex were made in 1584 A.D., when Akbar's forces defeated Muzaffar III. A country house Gujarat, and in particular, the city of Ahmedabad.
THE RELIGIOUS REALM
Mausoleum of Ahmed Shiekh Ganj Baksh Khattu
The Sufi mystic, Ahmed Khattu “Ganj Baksh” (bestower of wealth) is venerated as a saint even today. Therefore, his commemorative tomb, which is also known as dargah in the local language is of symbolic as well as spiritual value. One of the largest of its kind in Gujarat, one of its sides measures up to 105 ft.
Roofed by a large central dome, it is surrounded by rows of 13 domes on each side. The central square, on which the dome stands has double pillars. The fifth aisle from any corner is narrower than the others. The walls are panelled with trellised windows of perforated stone works in a variety of designs.
Over the main entrance of the mausoleum is a quatrain written in person on the marble which when translated reads as:
"When the ocean of Ahmed's palm pours forth its pearls,
The skirt of hopes, becomes the treasure of Parvis:
No wonder, if in order to bend before his shrine,
The whole surface of the earth raises its head."
On the right side of the entrance, Shaikh Salahuddin, the Sajda-nashin of the Saint lies buried. The mausoleum has a spacious compound. To its southwest corner, about 30 feet away, stands the Jama Masjid.
Life and teachings of Saikh Ahmed Ganj Baksh Khattu
Masjid
"Its beauty is due to its chaste simplicity and classic restraint: and indeed considered on its merit as a pillared hall, it is difficult to imagine how it could have been improved upon." - Sir John Marshall
In appearance and architecture, it is a simple pillared hall, with domes of uniform height and arches and minarets conspicuously absent. Observing this style, it can be inferred that the masons, stone cutters and sculptors must have been local in origin, but had not yet imbibed the saracenic ideas of minarets and arches found in buildings of later origin.
With its main entrance in the east, the masjid has another door to the south falling into the water tank. The dimensions of the Masjid are as follows:
Prayer hall: 185' x 66'.
Open court-yard between the prayer hall and the main entrance: 171' x 150.
Total area: 4300 sq yards.
5 large domes in a row and forty smaller ones symmetrically disposed, corresponding to the pillared squares within.
The roof is supported by 120 pillars of the same pattern.
The Masjid is surrounded by corridors on three sides, connected with the prayer hall. A spacious balcony looks onto the tank on its southern side. Its special feature is that it contains a special apartment for ladies in the shape of a loft (Muluk Khana) with an independent entrance from the north. Another noteworthy aspect of the Masjid is that the recital of the Pesh Imam at prayers echoes so well that it can be heard at the farthest end of the Masjid.
THE SOCIAL REALM
The Pavilion And Open Courtyard
The sixteen-pillared structure popularly known as the Baradari is situated in the central portion of the open courtyard and is seen when we enter the main gate of the Roza. A beautiful structure with nine domes upheld by slender pillars and a floor paved with coloured stones, the Baradari stands in front of the Shaikh’s shrine. There is afolklore, which says that the excavation of the lake and the building of the Jama Masjid in its initial stages were supervised by
Sheikh Ahmed Khattu himself from the Baradari. The mosque was later completed by Ahmad Shah’s grandson, Sultan Qutbuddin (r. 1451-58). The lake was further excavated and made larger by Sultan Mahmud Begda (r.1458-1511), who added the palaces on the south-western corner amidst flowering and fruit trees.
The Lake
Besides Jama Masjid, Hazrat Shaikh also arranged the excavation of a Hauz (pond) adjoining the Masjid for ablution, and felt elated when his guests visited it. People were of the belief that a bath in it would purify them and make them eligible for a place in the paradise
into the next world. It appears that Sultan Mehmud excavated the same pond further on a grand scale. This beautiful tank touching the Jama Masjid on its south, covers about 17.5 acres of land, with steps of stone. It is rectangular in shape (800' x 700'). Its sluice (inlet of water) is at the back of Jama Masjid and is decorated and carved with all the elegance ordinarily seen in minarets and buttresses of mosques.
Lesser known structures
Tomb of Ghizali Mash-hadi
This is one of the lesser known structures among the group of monuments at Sarkhej Roza. Believed to be the tomb of an Iranian poet Ghizhali Mash-hadi, it is tucked away from immediate public view, as it is situated behind the Queen’s palace.More research needs to be done to understand more about the background of the poet and why he came to Sarkhej. It is also interesting to note that his grave is positioned right in the middle of the open courtyard of the queen’s palace.
Tomb of Noblemen
This structure, which is not so famous, lies within the Roza campus and can be seen when one takes the outer road for the palaces. This structure is supposed to be the tomb of noblemen, who were close to the king. Little else is known about it.
THE ROYAL REALM
Palaces
Sultan Mehmud had built the palaces on the southwest corner of the tank. Though in ruins, they tell the tales of past glory and greatness. The palace on the south bank houses a small, but pretty mosque believed to be used by Mehmoud Begada for his paryers. Underneath the palace is the door to reach the base of the tank. There is a subterranean passage supposedly to reach Memudabad (about 30 Kms) from this place.
Mausoleums of the Kings and the Queens
Sultan Mehmud Begda erected mausoleums for himself and his family on the northern bank of this great bank and opposite the mausoleum of the saint. The Kings' chamber contains the remains of three rulers of Gujarat : Sultan Mehmud Begda, Sultan Muzaffar II and Sultan Mehmud III, the grandson of Muzaffar II.
On the western side, the other corresponding tomb chamber contains the graves of some of the queens, among which the most well known is that of Bibi Rajabai, the queearated from each other by steps leading down to the lake. A strong adherence to the principle of symmetry in architecture, points to the fact that once upon a n of Sultan Muzaffar Shah II. The mausoleums of the Kings and Queens are septime, beautiful jaalis must have adorned the outer walls of the Queens tomb as well. But now, only crude brick masonary work is seen.