09/08/2026
ROME IS GETTING HOTTER — AND IF YOU REMEMBER THE 1990s, YOU’RE NOT IMAGINING IT.
As a tour guide, I get asked this question all the time. I finally had some time to break it down for you. Thirty years ago, around 1995, a typical hot summer afternoon in Rome was roughly 28–31°C (82–88°F). There were certainly heat waves and occasional days around 35°C (95°F), but 35°C was genuinely very hot. Fast-forward to 2023, and temperatures of 33–36°C (91–97°F) became commonplace during long stretches of the summer. During the extraordinary July heat wave, temperatures exceeded 40°C (104°F) across parts of Rome; on July 18, 39.3°C (102.7°F) was recorded at the historic Collegio Romano station in the center, while other stations around the city reported 41–42°C (106–108°F). The difference isn’t just the record high—it’s how frequently extreme heat now occurs and how long it hangs around. (Creatività Italia)
That helps explain why the summer of 2023 felt almost endless to people living and working in Rome. The city didn’t literally remain above 90°F every day from May through October, but extended periods above 30°C/86°F and 32°C/90°F persisted well outside what we traditionally think of as the Roman summer. And central Rome amplifies the experience: stone, asphalt and buildings absorb enormous amounts of solar energy during the day and release it after sunset, so the city doesn’t cool down the way the countryside does. Thirty years ago, a 35°C afternoon was something you talked about. Today, during a Roman heat wave, 35°C can simply be Tuesday.
And what about the Romans themselves 2,000 years ago? They lived during the so-called Roman Climatic Optimum, a relatively warm Mediterranean period. We don’t have thermometers from AD 100, so nobody can honestly tell you the temperature of the Forum on a particular July afternoon. But climate reconstructions suggest that Roman-era land temperatures were broadly comparable to the warmer decades of the 20th century, rather than today’s extremes. In practical terms, think of a typical Roman summer afternoon as roughly 28–30°C (82–86°F), with hotter days certainly occurring—not a city routinely spending weeks around 35–40°C (95–104°F) as modern Rome increasingly does. Researchers have even reconstructed ancient Rome’s climate using Latin literary descriptions, environmental evidence and the extraordinary instrumental record at Collegio Romano. (ScienceDirect)
So Julius Caesar would have recognized a hot Roman summer. But Rome in July 2023? Even a Roman might have wondered what the hell happened to the weather.