World History

14/07/2022

The focus of war in the Far East

The first focus of the war arose in the Far East. In 1927, Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka outlined a program of territorial conquests in the Far East and the destruction of US power in the Pacific Ocean in a memorandum to the emperor.

In the fall of 1931, Japanese troops occupied the territory of Manchuria, a strategically and economically important part of China.

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In 1933, a world economic conference was convened in London. It discussed the problems of currency stabilization and the development of ways to revive world trade. It ended without results. The desire to solve economic problems not together, but individually, won, when each country tried to transfer the burden of the crisis to its neighbor. As a result, economic rivalry increased and the possibility of joint resistance to the threat of war decreased.

Meanwhile, as lively discussions were going on at various international forums, states appeared that were ready to break the existing system of international relations and establish their hegemony in the world.

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It seemed that a precedent had been set for collective action in the face of a common threat.

But almost at the same time, the United States introduced high customs taxes, and Great Britain abandoned the "gold standard", the free exchange of pounds sterling for gold at a fixed rate, and tried to establish such an exchange rate for the pound that would promote the export of British goods. With such actions, the USA and Great Britain provoked customs and currency "wars", which disorganized world trade and deepened the crisis even more.

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Attempts were also made to streamline affairs in the field of international finance.

In 1931, the USA proposed declaring a one-year moratorium on the payment of debts and reparations. This proposal was accepted. In 1932, it was decided to completely eliminate Germany's reparation obligations. Debtor countries, for their part, simply stopped paying US debts.

13/07/2022

In February 1932, after long preparatory work, the disarmament conference finally opened in Geneva. From the very beginning, it became clear that there were serious differences in approaches to this problem between the former states. Thus, France believed that the resolution of the issue of disarmament should be preceded by the creation of an international army under the supremacy of the League of Nations. Its main opponent, Germany, demanded the elimination of all restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles. England was primarily interested in the problems of eliminating submarines and chemical weapons. The United States advocated the reduction of ground forces.

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In January 1930, an international conference on the limitation of naval armaments opened in London. An attempt was made to extend the terms of the "Treaty of Five" to other classes of warships: cruisers, destroyers, submarines. It was not possible to fully resolve this issue: France and Italy refused to sign the agreement. The USA, England, Japan agreed to maintain a ratio of 5:5:3 for cruisers and destroyers. As for submarines, the principle of equality of fleets was introduced.

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The first test of the world community's ability to act together was the economic crisis. It was global and set all countries the task of coordinating their efforts to overcome it.

Real steps on this path were seen by leading politicians at the time in the reduction of military expenditures (this was envisaged by reducing weapons and armies or creating such a system of international security that would make significant military expenditures unnecessary) and easing the financial burden of reparations and debts.

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There is no doubt that at the beginning of the 1930s, despite all the acuteness of the crisis, hardly any of the politicians of that time would have dared to claim that a new, even larger world war could break out by the end of the decade. At that time, politicians were worried about the question of what foreign policy steps could at least mitigate the consequences of the crisis.

24/06/2022

The impact of the global economic crisis on international relations

The global economic crisis has exacerbated international relations and led to the outbreak of a new war. Unlike on the eve of the First World War, in the 1930s only a small number of states sought war. This situation made it a real opportunity to eliminate the threat of war in the conditions of joint action of the whole community.

24/06/2022

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