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Galitzianer. The Jewish heritage of Western Ukraine, Linkolna 1, ap 42, Lviv (2026)

08/07/2021

GALITZIANER IN DROHOBYCZ with guests from Moldova.

We have visited the largest synagogue of Galicia and picturesque courtyards.

The hometown of Bruno Shultz is incredible.

Short story is here:

First accounts of Jews in Drohobycz date back to 1404. Only Jews who leased salt mines were allowed to settle in the town; the rest resided in the suburbs. The government initially pretended not to see where the Jews lived. Jews were allowed to settle in the vicinity of the mines but were refused the right to have a separate Jewish cemetery, which for many years rendered it impossible to establish an independent kehilla in Drohobycz.
King Władysław Jagiełło handed over supervision over the salt mines in Drohobycz to a Jew named Wołoczka[1.1]. He was also nominated a quantity surveyor of Drohobycz for the king. Meanwhile, another Jew called Detko or Dziatko, who also leased a salt mine in Drohobycz, was granted permission from the king in 1425 to deliver salt to the royal court and to trade salt with Turkey and Kiev.
In 1500 the town council of Drohobycz was allowed to tax salt mining and production of alcoholic beverages (such as beer or vodka). A taxation and privileges system was established, which served to regulate Jewish entrepreneurship. There must have existed a Jewish kehilla in Drohobycz by then, as it was represented in the Jewish self-government convention in Rzeszów. In 1554 a salt mines leaseholder, Jakub Juditz, was given the right to levy a tax on vodka producers in Drohobycz. Because of that, two Jews from Drohobycz – Samuel Markowicz and Icchak Jakuzow – went to court and appealed to King Zygmunt II August to decide which one was to levy a tax on propination. Eventually the town won the court case.
In 1578, 3,600 Jews resided in Drohobycz. The same year, King Stefan Batory issued the privilege de non tolerandis Judaeis, which banned Jews from residing in Drohobycz or its vicinity, and even banned them from trading during town fairs.
In 1618, Drohobycz was ruined by the Tatars. The town deteriorated. That is when two Jews from Lviv, Icchak Nachmanowicz and Icchak ben Mordechai Markowicz, leaseholders of the royal grounds near Drohobycz, made all possible efforts to make the Jewish community return to Drohobycz. In 1635 the Russian provincial governor, Jan Daniłowicz, allocated 30 morgens of royal grounds for a Jewish settlement. The Jewish district in Drohobycz was named Na Łanie (On the Field). Jan Daniłowicz also granted permission to establish a Jewish cemetery. The town was gradually rebuilt. In 1645 the king released the town from paying taxes.

24/05/2021

GALITZIANER WELCOMES JERUSALEM

Lviv was true “East-European Jerusalem” for its long history.

Now I welcomed dear guests - Dr. Judith Kalik an Eastern European history researcher in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with her husband and Lada Moskalets - Jewish Studies Program Coordinator at UCU (Ukrainian Catholic University) - they both are the perfect fit for my tour.

I was pleased and proud to give tour for such sophisticated visitors.
As usual, we talked about Lviv Jewish history from the very beginning, walked through the courtyards of the Old Jewish Quarter - looked at life from the inside and read all possible inscriptions/notices in Yiddish/Hebrew - it was really unique and interesting experience.

Post with comments:
https://www.facebook.com/denys.bulavin/posts/2677902828942689

24/05/2021

GALITZIANER IN ZHOVKVA

Jewish community of Zhovkva was one of the most famous and powerful in Galicia.

We learned about Jewish heritage of this cute city with a participants of international conference.

We were lucky enough to get inside one of the biggest synagogues of our region.

Post with comments (in Ukrainian):
https://www.facebook.com/denys.bulavin/posts/2682080441858261

Few words about Jewish history on Zhovkva.

The first Jews settled in Zhovkva as early as the 1590s, immediately after the foundation of the town. In 1600, Stanisław Żółkiewski, the Voivode of Ruthenia, allowed Jews to establish their first prayer house. At that time, the local Jewish community was subordinated to Lviv kahal, but in 1620, it became independent and established its own communal authority. The Jews were granted a privilege of building their residences in a street subsequently called Żydowska (Jewish) Street, which led to the Jewish Gate, one of the town four main gates. The king granted Zhovkva the autonomy according to the Magdeburg law and also exempted it from custom duties and other special taxes. These privileges enabled merchants and craftsmen from other towns to trade freely in Zhovkva. The town also received a privilege of hosting a major trade fair (Jahrmark) four times a year and to have two market days each week. 17th-century Zhovkva was home to more than a hundred Jewish craftsmen, including furriers, silver- and goldsmiths, jewellers, tanners, pharmacists, and tailors. Several dozen Jews received special privileges including the lease of the customs house, of tax collecting, and of propinacja (producing and selling alcoholic beverages). They were also running inns, managing fish ponds, running lumber mills, and freighting timber.

In 1624, a wooden synagogue was opened next to Aron Moshkovich’s house, and in 1626, the kahal appointed first communal rabbi Ezekiel Issachar (d. 1637). In addition to the synagogue, the Jewish quarter enjoyed the operation of all other communal institutions, including a mikveh (ritual bath), a slaughterhouse, the rabbi’s house, a beth midrash (study house for adult Jews), and a hekdesh (shelter for the poor and for the vagabond alms-seekers). In 1640, the town owners allowed the Jews to open a yeshivah. The town’s Jewish community gradually grew and acquired importance. In 1628, 21 houses in Zhovkva were Jewish, and in 1680, 88 houses. When in 1648, the Cossack troops under Bohdan Khmelnytsky approached Zhovkva, thousands of Jewish refugees found safe haven in town and took part in defending the town against the Cossacks along the Polish garrison. In 1765, the Jewish community of Zhovkva boasted more than 1,500 members and possessed more than 270 buildings. Jews owned nearly all the buildings around the market square, which formed a lined-up gallery where most of trade took place. The street leading from the market square to the synagogue also had a commercial importance and was known as the Jewish Market.

24/05/2021

SHOLEM ALEICHEM IN LVIV

Lviv was to become a transit station for Sholom Aleichem on the way from Kyiv to America, but nevertheless he lived here for 9 months (in 1905-1906).

Why?

"Jewish Lviv" undoubtedly made an extraordinary impression on him.

He was just shocked, so much so that the Lviv atmosphere contrasted with the situation in Russian Kyiv, where Sholem Aleichem used to live.

He expressed his impressions in novels "Boy Motl" and "Wandering Stars".

24/05/2021

GALITZIANER WELCOMES POLAND

Guests from Jewish organization Hillel Poland.

Telling about Galician Jewish heritage with young generation of Polish Jews was a remarkable experience.

We had the same Jewish Universe in the past now we try to learn from it.

24/05/2021

MATZAVOT IN THE OLD JEWISH CEMETERY IN LVIV

During my work of study and cleaning of the Lviv Old Jewish Cemetery on Rappaport street I collected some pictures of this site.

The old Jewish cemetery in Lviv is one of the oldest in Eastern Europe. Together with the remains of the walls of the High Castle and the Church of St. Nicholas, it was one of the few monuments of princely times in Lviv, preserved until the XX century.

There are several versions of when the first Jewish cemetery (kirkut) appeared in Lviv. According to the administration of the old Jewish cemetery, the oldest matzevot date back to 1348 (baby Jacob) and 1378 (Miriam, daughter of Saul). Historian Mayer Balaban (M. Bałaban) believed that the cemetery could exist from the end of the XIII century and was considered the oldest in all of Red Russia. The director of the Lviv Historical Archive, O. Cholovsky, believed that the Jewish cemetery in Lviv dates back to 1414 in city documents. Another researcher, Rudolf Menkitsky, believed that the earliest mention in the books of the Lviv magistrate dates back to 1480. This record stated that Jews had to pay 30 money a year for the cemetery on St. Nicholas Day.

For a long time, Jews from all over Galicia were buried here, only in the late 16th and early 17th centuries were Jewish communities allowed to have cemeteries in other Galician cities and towns. Despite the appearance of a new Jewish quarter in the city center in Lviv in the 1950s, the cemetery remained the same for a long time.

24/05/2021

GALITZIANER IN DROHOBYCZ

The hometown of Bruno Shultz is incredible.

Museum of Bruno Shultz, largest synagogue of Galicia and picturesque courtyards.

First accounts of Jews in Drohobycz date back to 1404. Only Jews who leased salt mines were allowed to settle in the town; the rest resided in the suburbs. The government initially pretended not to see where the Jews lived. Jews were allowed to settle in the vicinity of the mines but were refused the right to have a separate Jewish cemetery, which for many years rendered it impossible to establish an independent kehilla in Drohobycz.

King Władysław Jagiełło handed over supervision over the salt mines in Drohobycz to a Jew named Wołoczka[1.1]. He was also nominated a quantity surveyor of Drohobycz for the king. Meanwhile, another Jew called Detko or Dziatko, who also leased a salt mine in Drohobycz, was granted permission from the king in 1425 to deliver salt to the royal court and to trade salt with Turkey and Kiev.

In 1500 the town council of Drohobycz was allowed to tax salt mining and production of alcoholic beverages (such as beer or vodka). A taxation and privileges system was established, which served to regulate Jewish entrepreneurship. There must have existed a Jewish kehilla in Drohobycz by then, as it was represented in the Jewish self-government convention in Rzeszów. In 1554 a salt mines leaseholder, Jakub Juditz, was given the right to levy a tax on vodka producers in Drohobycz. Because of that, two Jews from Drohobycz – Samuel Markowicz and Icchak Jakuzow – went to court and appealed to King Zygmunt II August to decide which one was to levy a tax on propination. Eventually the town won the court case.

In 1578, 3,600 Jews resided in Drohobycz. The same year, King Stefan Batory issued the privilege de non tolerandis Judaeis, which banned Jews from residing in Drohobycz or its vicinity, and even banned them from trading during town fairs.

In 1618, Drohobycz was ruined by the Tatars. The town deteriorated. That is when two Jews from Lviv, Icchak Nachmanowicz and Icchak ben Mordechai Markowicz, leaseholders of the royal grounds near Drohobycz, made all possible efforts to make the Jewish community return to Drohobycz. In 1635 the Russian provincial governor, Jan Daniłowicz, allocated 30 morgens of royal grounds for a Jewish settlement. The Jewish district in Drohobycz was named Na Łanie (On the Field). Jan Daniłowicz also granted permission to establish a Jewish cemetery. The town was gradually rebuilt. In 1645 the king released the town from paying taxes.

24/05/2021

LVIV JEWISH TOUR «SYNAGOGUES & COURTYARDS»

Journey in search of all vanished Lviv's synagogues with visit the only survived synagogue of downtown and the old Jewish cemetery.

24/05/2021

GALITZIANER IN BRODY

The hometown of famous Joseph Roth is worth visiting.

There is one of the oldest synagogues in Galicia and gymnasium where Joseph Roth studied.

The first Jews settled in Brody in the 16th century, when Hetman Koniecpolski owned the town. By 1648, around 400 Jewish families lived here. In 1664, the local sub-kahal split from the kahal of Lwów (Lviv), secured its independence, and from that time, Brody Jewish leadership played a significant role in the Council of Four Lands. In 1696, the Jewish quarter burnt down but was quickly rebuilt. In 1699, the owner of the town, Jakub Ludwik Sobieski (son of King John III Sobieski) allowed Jews to settle in all quarters of the town and to work in all crafts as well as in trade, despite the presence of the Christian guilds active in the same trade.

Early in the 18th century, Brody was pillaged by the Russian army, and a great fire destroyed the central part of the town in 1749. Brody was soon rebuilt, however, thanks to the support of the Jewish international merchants who brought merchandise from Paris, Leipzig, and Neustadt. When the Armenians, who also had been active in trade, left the town after the fire, the Jews remained without their long-lasting competitors and Brody became one of the main Jewish centres in Galicia.

Galitzianer. The Jewish heritage of Western Ukraine

08/07/2021

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