03/16/2026
The Dutch, both in Europe and in their colonies, were notoriously prolific smokers, to the extent that painters in Holland satirized the phenomenon, and visitors to New Netherland commented on it with distaste. Peter Kalm noted in his 18th century account of his travels in North America that "Nearly all women who had passed their fortieth year smoked to***co; even those who were considered as belonging to the foremost families. I frequently saw about a dozen old ladies sitting about the fire smoking. Once in a while I discovered newly married wives of twenty and some years sitting there with pipes in their mouths".
Dutch colonists typically smoked with white clay pipes that were mass produced in Amsterdam. Large numbers of the same pipes were sold to the colonists' indigenous allies and trade partners. Consequently, pipes and pipe fragments appear frequently in the archaeological record.
Although white clay pipes were manufactured and distributed by all of the major colonial powers, the Dutch are unique for fashioning their broken pipe stems into whistles! Clay pipes tended to be cheap to make and easy to break, so they were often replaced. In New Netherland there is archaeological evidence showing that some colonists would cut a notch into a broken pipe stem to create a rudimentary whistle!
🖼Pijprokende Vrouw, Wallerant Vaillant, c. 1658-1677, Rijksmuseum
Fragment of to***co pipe, 17th century, Rijksmuseum