09/30/2026
In 1631, Philip Ratcliffe learned just how brutally the Massachusetts Bay Colony could punish someone for speaking against its leaders. Ratcliffe was accused of making “malicious and scandalous” statements against the colonial government and the church at Salem, and on June 14 the General Court handed down a staggering sentence: he was whipped, had both of his ears cut off, fined £40, and banished from the colony. The punishment was actually carried out and became controversial enough that complaints about the colony’s severity eventually reached England.